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rails-3

上一篇 / 下一篇 2008-05-05 21:26:46

URL生成
使用url_for()
# No action or id, the rewrite uses the defaults
url_for(:controller => "store" )
#=> http://pragprog.com/store
# If the action is missing, the rewrite inserts
# the default (index) in the URL
url_for(:controller => "store" , :id => 123)
#=> http://pragprog.com/store/index/123
# The id is optional
url_for(:controller => "store" , :action => "list" )
#=> http://pragprog.com/store/list
# A complete request
url_for(:controller => "store" , :action => "list" , :id => 123)
#=> http://pragprog.com/store/list/123
# Additional parameters are added to the end of the URL
url_for(:controller => "store" , :action => "list" ,
:id => 123, :extra => "wibble" )
#=> http://rubygarden.org/store/list/123?extra=wibble

map映射认为url是一个hierarchy，如果改变层级的上层，rails会停止揣测下层的值
url_for(:year => "2004" )
#=> http://pragprog.com/blog/2004
后面的月和日就没有了，底层值只有在上层值不变的时候才有存在的意义

如原来的url是http://pragprog.com/blog/2005/4/18
url_for(:day => "25" )
#=> http://pragprog.com/blog/2005/4/25

:anchor string 锚点
:host string    host name and port in the URL.
:only_path boolean 仅生成路径，省略 the protocol,host name, and port .
:protocol string 设定协议. Use a string such as "https://".
:trailing_slash boolean Appends a slash to the generated

Name Routes
如果在route.rb中是这样写的话
ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map|
# Straight 'http://my.app/blog/' displays the index
map.index "blog/" ,
   :controller => "blog" ,
   :action => "index"
# Return articles for a year, year/month, or year/month/day
map.date "blog/:year/:month/:day" ,
   :controller => "blog" ,
   :action => "show_date" ,
   :requirements => { :year => /(19|20)\d\d/,
                                           :month => /[01]?\d/,
                                           :day => /[0-3]?\d/},
                                           :day => nil,
   :month => nil
# Show an article identified by an id
map.show "blog/show/:id" ,
   :controller => "blog" ,
   :action => "show" ,
   :id => /\d+/
# Regular Rails routing for admin stuff
map.admin "blog/:controller/:action/:id"
# Catch-all so we can gracefully handle badly-formed requests
map.catchall "*anything" ,
   :controller => "blog" ,
   :action => "unknown_request"
end

根据命名规则
index_url
#=> http://pragprog.com/blog
date_url(:year => 2005)
#=> http://pragprog.com/blog/2005
date_url(:year => 2003, :month => 2)
#=> http://pragprog.com/blog/2003/2
show_url(:id => 123)
#=> http://pragprog.com/blog/show/123

我们在程序中可这样使用
redirect_to(index_url)
或 <%= link_to("Index" , index_url) %>

18.4 Action Methods
Controllor中的所有public的方法都可以被当作url直接调用，为了避免不安全因素，仅曝露需要的方法。其它方法定义为protected或private。也可以用 hide_action()
如 hide_action :check_credit
但是，这不是一个好的解决方法，应该考虑用helper来代替
----------------------------------------------------------
Controller Environment
request对象
   domain() 返回request的域名最后两个部分，如XXX.com, XXX.org
   remote_ip() 返回远端的ip地址
   env() 返回环境参数
   method() :delete, :get, :head, :post, :put
   delete?, get?, head?, post?, put?

params对象
   返回一个哈希表，包含request parameters，可以是一个symbol或字符串，如params[:id]或params['id']

cookies 对象
   返回哈希表

session对象
   返回哈希表

response对象

headers对象
   返回head相关的哈希表，

--------------------------------
Responding to the user
controller的作用之一就是向用户反馈，最基本的有三种途径
1. 渲染一个模板
2. 直接反馈一个字符串，而不激活任何view，一般用来报错
3. 发送其他数据到客户端，如下载文件

可使用 render() or send_xxx()来处理反馈
如果被render两次就会有doubleRenderError错，可用 erase_render_results()来擦除上次render的结果，直接使用后一次render

--------------------------------
Rendering Templates
两种模板 rhtml
                   builder

默认情况模板在 app/views/下，可以通过配置更改
   ActionController::Base.template_root = dir_path

render()方法是渲染的核心函数

render(:text =>string) 直接将文本发送到浏览器
class HappyController < ApplicationController
   def index
       render(:text => "Hello there!" )
   end
end

render(:inline =>string, [ :type =>"rhtml"|"rxml" ] )
   inline渲染
class SomeController < ApplicationController
   if RAILS_ENV == "development"
       def method_missing(name, *args)
           render(:inline => %{

Unknown action: #{name}

           Here are the request parameters:

           <%= debug(params) %> })
       end
   end
end

render(:action =>action_name)
   渲染一个action
def display_cart
   if @cart.empty?
       render(:action => :index)
   else
       #。。。
end

render(:file =>path, [ :use_full_path =>true|false] )
   Renders the template in the given path

render(:template =>name)
   Renders a template and arranges for the resulting text to be sent back to the client.

render(:partial =>name, ...)

render()
   默认渲染本action，可省略
   def index
       render
   end

所有的render都可以带 :status和:layout参数
   :status设定http response，默认为200 OK
   :layout设定在render时候是否使用layout
---------------------------------------------
Sending Files and Other Data

send_data()
   Send a string containing binary data to the client.
def sales_graph
   png_data = Sales.plot_for(Date.today.month)
   send_data(png_data, :type => "image/png" , :disposition => "inline" )
end

send_file
   Send the contents of a file to the client.
def send_secret_file
   send_file("/files/secret_list" )
   headers["Content-Description" ] = "Top secret"
end

-----------------------------------------------
重定向

redirect_to(path)
redirect_to(url)

--------------------------------------------
18.5 Cookies and Sessions
cookie的值必须是string
浏览器在保存cookie的时候还可以保存一些其他信息
如 :domain, :expires, :path, :secure（仅在https的时候返回cookie）
cookies[:marsupial] = { :value => "wombat" ,
                                               :expires => 30.days.from_now,
                                               :path => "/store" }
因为有点浏览器不支持cookie或有人设定不接受cookie所以在使用cookie的时候要考虑浏览器不接受cookie的情况

-----------------------------------
rails sessions

Link URL: http://blog.163.com/zjliqing@126/blog/static/39161019200791610515288

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Unknown action: #{name}